Insurance World

Life insurance – what is it & how does it work?

Life insurance is the simplest, most popular and cost effective way to financially protect any dependants in the event of your death. While it won’t help those left behind to get over their loss, the benefit of a lump sum, in most cases tax-free, will guarantee your family aren’t deprived of funds during an already stressful time.

With the cost of life insurance at an all time low, now is the perfect time to arrange cover. For those in good health, a policy that was taken out six years ago can be replaced today for significantly less, despite the fact that being older, one is in theory at greater risk. The industry over-reaction to the threat of AIDS initially caused premiums to rocket skywards, but when the expected epidemic failed to materialise, costs fell rapidly from the mid 1990s onwards.

Life insurance premiums vary from person to person, with factors such as age, gender, current and previous health, lifestyle, term required, occupation and smoker status all having an influence. Risk is assessed with the use of what’s known in the industry as ‘mortality tables’ to determine the premium for a particular individual, to which a ‘loading’ may be added which takes further account of other factors relating to medical history and lifestyle.

Whole of life versus term life insurance

Life insurance can be split into two main types, known as ‘whole of life insurance’ and ‘term life insurance’. In essence, as the name suggests, whole of life insurance provides cover for the lifetime of the policyholder, whereas term life insurance provides cover for the duration of an agreed period in time. For all policies it’s crucial to ensure that premium payments are kept up to date to keep cover in place.

Whole of life insurance

Whole of life insurance tends to be the more expensive option, though often has the advantage of being more flexible. It can fulfil many purposes including personal protection, family protection and inheritance tax planning, and can be combined with a term life insurance policy to cover specific debts as required.

Typically, policyholders’ contributions are invested and life insurance benefits are ‘purchased’ using the investment fund. The fund’s performance, along with other factors, has a significant effect on the level of future benefits. As the policyholder’s age increases the cost of the insurance increases, thus reducing the sum in the investment pot. The investment element varies from insurer to insurer; some are more generous payers than others, making the expert advice of an insurance broker or independent financial adviser invaluable in choosing such a policy. Some plans require contribution until the policyholder’s death, some for a set period of time, and some up until a certain age is reached, with additional options available to cover specific illnesses or disability. The common factor throughout is that cover is maintained for the life of the policyholder, making whole of life insurance a very popular way to leave dependants a nest egg.

One great benefit of whole of life insurance is that the guarantee of a payout on the policyholder’s death, at whatever point in time that may be, removes much of the guesswork involved in other types of life insurance. As long as premiums are maintained, cover is assured. Although the more expensive option, it’s important to note that premiums are lower than those one would pay in later life by repeatedly renewing term life policies.

Term life insurance

A simpler option, term life insurance offers basic cover for a set number of years, usually at low cost. A term life insurance policy requires a regular premium payment and pays out a lump sum on the policyholder’s death providing this occurs within the term of the policy. Death outside of the term to which the policy applies won’t result in a payout, meaning the loss of any investment made, making it particularly important to be sure that cover is adequate and the term is appropriate.

Some policies can be extended to provide critical illness cover; full disclosure of all medical conditions, existing and historic, is vital when arranging this to avoid a denial of payment just when it’s needed most. It’s also imperative to be certain exactly which conditions the policy covers, as insurance companies are notoriously specific as to the illnesses they’ll pay out for!

Term life insurance cover can be further categorised into these types:

Flat-rate (or level) cover - offers a set amount of cover for the policy term, fixed from the outset.

Decreasing (or mortgage protection insurance) cover - cover decreases over the term of the policy, often inline with a diminishing mortgage debt.

Family income benefit – pays out a regular income rather than a lump sum during the policy term.
Increasing term assurance - premiums and benefits increase each year, usually in line with inflation, allowing the protection of a lifestyle.

Convertible term assurance – gives the option to convert to a whole of life policy without giving new information about your health.

How much cover do I need?

It’s important to correctly identify your dependants’ financial needs to establish just how much life insurance cover to arrange. A general rule is to choose a policy providing at least ten times your salary, but more may be appropriate, with the amount varying depending on how you intend it to be used. Basically you decide how much you want your dependants to receive in the event of your death, and your premiums will be determined accordingly.

Don’t overlook factors like:

• Mortgage repayments
• Replacing the primary earner’s salary
• Replacing childcare
• Education expenses
• Outstanding debts
• Support for a business partner

What do I need to look out for?

Before signing anything, look carefully at the terms and conditions of your proposed life insurance policy giving particular attention to any regulations pertaining to payouts. Some policies may not, for example, pay out if death is caused by participation in certain dangerous sports or activities.

In the case of index-linked policies which allow for economic change, it’s important to establish whether the policy is linked automatically or whether there’s the need to opt-in to linkage each year; failure to do so could result in being locked out of future linking.

Though life insurance payouts are usually tax-free, there are circumstances where taxes will apply. A life insurance policy can be placed ‘in trust’ to protect revenue and provide payment more quickly, though this is a complex issue which needs professional advice for clarity before proceeding.

A joint-life policy is a popular and often less expensive option for couples which covers the two of them simultaneously, with options for payout on a first-death or last-survivor basis.

How much will it cost?

The cost of each different policy offered by a life insurance company varies widely, and depends on a number of factors: the type of policy, the length of the policy term, the size of the death benefit, the flexibility of the policy, number of people covered by the policy and so on.
The only certainty is that the longer you delay getting life insurance, the more expensive the premiums will be!

2007 is just around the corner, and there are several issues to consider if you currently have an Health Savings Account (HSA), or are planning on getting one in the near future.

100% of the deposit you place in your HSA is deductible on your federal income taxes. All but four states also make HSA contributions tax-deductible on state income taxes. If you are looking to reduce your 2006 tax burden and put away more money for retirement, your HSA is the first place you should put your money if you have not yet maximized your contribution.

The maximum you can contribute to your HSA in 2006 is the lesser amount of your deductible, or $2,700 for singles and $5,450 for families. Individuals who are 55 or older may contribute an additional $700. Note that contribution limits are pro-rated, based on the number of complete months during the year in which you have a qualifying HSA health insurance plan.

You have until April 15 (or later if you file for an extension) to make your 2006 contribution. If you do not fully fund your account for the current year, you cannot make a catch-up contribution for 2006 after this deadline. However, you can reimburse yourself in later years for qualified expenses incurred in 2006, even if you do not have the funds in your account to reimburse yourself at this time.

In 2007, the maximum annual HSA contribution will go up to $2,850 for individuals and $5,650 for families. Individuals 55 or older will be allowed to contribute an additional $800.

To maximize your tax benefit for 2007, it is important to have your HSA-qualified health coverage in place no later than January 1.

In order to pay for a medical expense from your HSA, it must be a qualified expense. Some of these qualified expenses include dental expenses, eyeglasses, chiropractic visits, over-the-counter medications, and sometimes even nutritional supplements.

Now is a good time to make sure you have an accurate record of your medical expenses for the year. Make sure you separate the expenses for which you have reimbursed yourself from your HSA from those that you paid for out-of-pocket. You’ll want to keep receipts for all medical expenditures paid from your HSA with your 2006 tax records. Place the “non-reimbursed medical expenses” in a separate file, keeping them with the concurrent year’s tax records in whatever year you decide to reimburse yourself.

The penalty for over-funding your HSA is a whopping 6%. You have until April 15, 2007 to withdraw excess funds for the 2006 tax year to avoid the penalty. Your HSA administrator may notify you of any over-funding, but they are under no obligation to do so. It is your responsibility, so make sure you check into this if you think your may have over-funded you account.

The minimum deductible for HSA-compatible health insurance plans in 2006 was $1,050 for individuals and $2,100 for families. In 2007 this will increase to $1,100 for individuals and $2,200 for families. If you currently have an HSA-qualified plan with the lowest eligible 2006 deductible, that deductible will automatically go up on January 1 to the new minimum.

Strategies to Maximize Your Tax Benefits

There are basically three different strategies you can take when deciding how to fund your health savings account.

1. Put no money in the account, except when you incur a medical expense. This strategy allows you to legally “launder” any money used to pay medical expenses. In other words, by depositing money into your HSA, then immediately withdrawing it to reimburse yourself for medical expenses, you are making your medical expenses all tax-deductible. You may want to use this strategy if you are on a tight budget and want to keep your cash outlay as low as possible.

2. Fully fund the account, or at least put in as much as possible based on your budget. Take money out of the account any time medical expenses are incurred, and let the rest grow tax-deferred. This strategy will maximize your tax deduction, while making your HSA funds available to pay any non-covered medical expenses before your deductible is met.

3. Fully fund the account, but pay all medical expenses from a non-HSA account. Reimburse yourself for medical expenses at a later date. This strategy will allow you to maximize your tax deduction, and will also allow you to maximize the tax-deferred growth of your HSA. You can then reimburse yourself, tax-free, at any time in the future for medical expenses incurred over the ensuing years.

To maximize the potential growth of your funds, you may want to make your 2007 deposits as early in the year as possible. Any growth in your account is tax-deferred, like an IRA. If possible, you should plan to make your deposit the first week in January.